Training simulators were originally created as generic systems for introducing operators to the electrical and dynamic behavior of power systems. Today, they model actual power systems with reasonable fidelity and are integrated with EMS to provide a realistic environment for operators and dispatchers to practice normal, every-day operating tasks and procedures as well as experience emergency operating situations.
The various training activities can be safely and conveniently practiced with the simulator responding in a manner similar to the actual power system.
An operator training simulator (OTS) can be used in an investigatory manner to recreate past actual operational scenarios and to formulate system restoration procedures. Scenarios can be created, saved, and reused. The OTS can be used to evaluate the functionality and performance of new real-time EMS functions and also for tuning AGC in an off-line, secure environment.
The OTS has three main subsystems (Fig. 12.4).
It is also used to define event schedules. Events are associated with both the power system simulation and the ECS functions. Events may be deterministic (occur at a predefined time), conditional (based on a predefined set of power system conditions being met), or probabilistic (occur at random).
The various training activities can be safely and conveniently practiced with the simulator responding in a manner similar to the actual power system.
An operator training simulator (OTS) can be used in an investigatory manner to recreate past actual operational scenarios and to formulate system restoration procedures. Scenarios can be created, saved, and reused. The OTS can be used to evaluate the functionality and performance of new real-time EMS functions and also for tuning AGC in an off-line, secure environment.
The OTS has three main subsystems (Fig. 12.4).
ENERGY CONTROL SYSTEM
The energy control system (ECS) emulates normal EMS functions and is the only part of the OTS with which the trainee interacts. It consists of the supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system, generation control system, and all other EMS functions.POWER SYSTEM DYNAMIC SIMULATION
This subsystem simulates the dynamic behavior of the power system. System frequency is simulated using the “long-term dynamics” system model, where frequency of all units is assumed to be the same. The prime-mover dynamics are represented by models of the units, turbines, governors, boilers, and boiler auxiliaries. The network flows and states (bus voltages and angles, topology, transformer taps, etc.) are calculated at periodic intervals. Relays are modeled, and they emulate the behavior of the actual devices in the field.INSTRUCTIONAL SYSTEM
This subsystem includes the capabilities to start, stop, restart, and control the simulation. It also includes making save cases, retrieving save cases, reinitializing to a new time, and initializing to a specific real-time situation.It is also used to define event schedules. Events are associated with both the power system simulation and the ECS functions. Events may be deterministic (occur at a predefined time), conditional (based on a predefined set of power system conditions being met), or probabilistic (occur at random).
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| FIGURE 12.4 OTS block diagram. |