Conventional electromagnetic devices as well as semiconductor applications act as sources of harmonics. Conventional electromagnetic devices include stationary transformer as well as rotating machines. Harmonic generation in these machine depends on the properties of the materials used to construct them, different design constraints and considerations, operating principle and of course load environment. Beside these arcing devices produces considerable amount of harmonics. Other than conventional devices, semiconductor based power supplies, phase controllers, reactors, etc are used enormously in modern power system network and they are contributing huge amount of harmonics to the power system. In electric power system, main sources of harmonics may be classified as follows.
1. Arcing devices
2. Semiconductor based power supply system
3. Inverter fed A.C. drives
4. Thyristor controlled reactors
5. Phase controllers
6. A.C. regulators
1. DISTORTION CAUSED BY ARCING DEVICES
Arcing devices are very important source of power system harmonics. The voltage versus current characteristics of an electric arc in an arcing device is highly nonlinear. Arc ignition is equivalent to a short circuit current with decrease in voltage. The voltage-current is controlled by the power system impedance. In respect of harmonic generation, arcing devices are divided into three main categories:
1. Electric arc furnace
2. Discharge type lighting
3. Arc welders.
2. POWER SUPPLIES WITH SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
Semiconductor based power supply systems are the main sources of harmonics. Harmonics generated in power supply include integer harmonics, inter harmonics and sub harmonics. Frequencies and magnitudes of the harmonics depend on the type of semiconductor devices used in the power supplies, operating point, nature of load variation, etc.
3. INVERTER FED AC DRIVES
Application of AC drives has increased to a great extent, most of which are inverter fed AC drives. They use switching circuits using semiconductor devices like GTO, IGBT, etc. Pulse width modulation (PWM) has got very popularity in AC drive application. All these drives are sources of integer as well as fractional harmonics.
4. THYRISTOR CONTROLLED REACTORS
VAR compensators used in power system network are also source of harmonics. Different types of thyristor controlled reactors are used in power system like series controller, shunt controller, static VAR compensator (SVC), fixed capacitor thyristor controlled reactor (FCTCR), thyristor switched capacitor thyristor controlled reactor (TSCTCR). All these circuits are sources of harmonics in power system. Use of static synchronous generator (SSG), voltage source STATCOM, current source STATCOM, etc in power system are increasing rapidly. All these contribute harmonics of both integer and fractional type in power system. For example, SVC produces odd harmonics. Under perfectly symmetrical voltage conditions, triplen harmonics are kept out of the line by delta connection.
5. PHASE CONTROLLER
For supply of stable and balanced three phase electric power, phase controller plays important role in power system. Phase controllers used in power system act as source of harmonics. Modulated phase control method is used in cyclo-converter. It performs static power conversion from one frequency to another frequency. Most of the cyclo-converter wave-forms contain frequencies which are not integer multiples of the main output frequency.
6. AC REGULATORS
AC regulators used in power system apply both off line and on line control technique for voltage regulation which result in harmonic generation. On line regulation technique distorts wave-shape more than off line regulation along with other power system disturbances like transients, DC offset, flicker etc. Thyristor controlled single phase or polyphase regulators using half wave, full wave or integral cycle control technique produce sub-harmonics and inter-harmonics in power system.