Distance relays respond to the voltage and current, i.e., the impedance, at the relay location. The impedance per mile is fairly constant so these relays respond to the distance between the relay location and the fault location. As the power systems become more complex and the fault current varies with changes in generation and system configuration, directional over current relays become difficult to apply and to set for all contingencies, whereas the distance relay setting is constant for a wide variety of changes external to the protected line.
There are three general distance relay types as shown in Fig. 3.7. Each is distinguished by its application and its operating characteristic.
IMPEDANCE RELAY:
The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centered at the origin of the R-X diagram. It is non directional and is used primarily as a fault detector.
ADMITTANCE RELAY:
The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. Its characteristic passes through the origin of the R-X diagram and is therefore directional. In the electromechanical design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to correspond to the transmission line impedance.
REACTANCE RELAY:
The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of the protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the line length.
Figure 3.8 shows a three-zone step distance relaying scheme that provides instantaneous protection over 80–90% of the protected line section (Zone 1) and time-delayed protection over the remainder of the line (Zone 2) plus backup protection over the adjacent line section. Zone 3 also provides backup protection for adjacent lines sections.
In a three-phase power system, 10 types of faults are possible: three single phase to ground, three phase to phase, three double phase to ground, and one three phase fault. It is essential that the relays provided have the same setting regardless of the type of fault. This is possible if the relays are connected to respond to delta voltages and currents. The delta quantities are defined as the difference between any two phase quantities, for example, Ea – Eb is the delta quantity between phases a and b. In general, for a multiphase fault between phases x and y,
Where x and y can be a, b, or c and Z1 is the positive sequence impedance between the relay location and the fault. For ground distance relays, the faulted phase voltage, and a compensated faulted phase current must be used.
Where m is a constant depending on the line impedances, and I0 is the zero sequence current in the transmission line. A full complement of relays consists of three phase distance relays and three ground distance relays. This is the preferred protective scheme for high voltage and extra high voltage systems.
There are three general distance relay types as shown in Fig. 3.7. Each is distinguished by its application and its operating characteristic.
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| FIGURE 3.7 Distance relay characteristics. |
IMPEDANCE RELAY:
The impedance relay has a circular characteristic centered at the origin of the R-X diagram. It is non directional and is used primarily as a fault detector.
ADMITTANCE RELAY:
The admittance relay is the most commonly used distance relay. It is the tripping relay in pilot schemes and as the backup relay in step distance schemes. Its characteristic passes through the origin of the R-X diagram and is therefore directional. In the electromechanical design it is circular, and in the solid state design, it can be shaped to correspond to the transmission line impedance.
REACTANCE RELAY:
The reactance relay is a straight-line characteristic that responds only to the reactance of the protected line. It is non directional and is used to supplement the admittance relay as a tripping relay to make the overall protection independent of resistance. It is particularly useful on short lines where the fault arc resistance is the same order of magnitude as the line length.
Figure 3.8 shows a three-zone step distance relaying scheme that provides instantaneous protection over 80–90% of the protected line section (Zone 1) and time-delayed protection over the remainder of the line (Zone 2) plus backup protection over the adjacent line section. Zone 3 also provides backup protection for adjacent lines sections.
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| FIGURE 3.8 Three-zone step distance relaying to protect 100% of a line and backup the neighboring line. |
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