ENGINEERING ARTICLES

Steel lattice towers are also used in electronic and communication industries for communication of microwave signals through different types of antennas. Several antennae are fixed on the tower in different directions at different heights as per the requirement and usage. The antenna positions decide the height of the tower. Symmetrical cross sections are preferred for microwave towers due to reversal of wind direction. Generally steel lattice towers with square or triangular plan are used for microwave towers. Angle sections and tubes are commonly used for the fabrication of these towers. Microwave towers are generally self-supporting steel lattice towers. Guyed towers are also used for microwave communication, but are least preferred for supporting heavy disc antennae. Wind load on the tower body and antennae is the major load on the structure besides the self-weight of the tower. Microwave towers are generally supported either at ground or at rooftop of some buildings. The tip de...

For optimization of transmission line towers, it is important to know various design parameters that control the design of the tower. Some of the parameters that dictate the configuration of the transmission line towers are briefly described below: TOWER HEIGHT: The height of the tower is determined by parameters such as number of cross arms, vertical spacing between cross arms, height of ground-wire peak, minimum ground clearance, maximum sag and other clearances. The cost of the tower increases with the height of the tower. Hence, it is desirable to keep the tower height minimum to the extent possible without sacrificing the structural safety and functional requirement such as ground clearance and electrical clearance. SAG: The conductor wires and ground-wires sag due to self-weight. The size and type of the conductor, wind and climatic conditions of the region and span length determine the conductor’s sag and tension. Span length is fixed from economic conside...

POOR TRANSMISSION EFFICIENCY  Losses in all power system elements from the power station generator to the utilization devices increase due to reactive power drawn by the loads, thereby reducing transmission efficiency.  POOR VOLTAGE REGULATION  Due to the reactive power flow in the lines, the voltage drop in the lines increases due to which low voltage exists at the bus near the load and makes voltage regulation poor.  LOW POWER FACTOR The operating power factor reduces due to reactive power flow in transmission lines.  NEED OF LARGE SIZED CONDUCTOR  The low power factor due to reactive power flow in line conductors necessitates large sized conductor to transmit same power when compared to the conductor operating at high power factor.  INCREASE IN KVA RATING OF THE SYSTEM EQUIPMENT  The reactive power in the lines directly affects KVA rating of the system equipment carrying the reactive powe...

Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited is a Pakistan-based holding company. The Company manufactures, purchases and markets fertilizers. It is involved in meat, dairy and coal based energy generation sectors. It has identified its potential business segments and has undertaken investments in the areas of food, financial, power sector and wind energy projects. Its products include Granular Urea, such as Sona Urea, and Di Ammonium Phosphate (DAP), such as Sona DAP. Sona Urea is a synthetic organic compound containing nitrogen in amide form available in the form of white solid prills. It is applied to soil and also suitable in solution form as spray application. Sona DAP contains nutrient element, phosphorous besides nitrogen available in flowing granular form Granules are stronger, harder and of uniform size. It is suitable for various crops and soils recommended for initial application. It produces over 791,260 metric tons (MT) of DAP and approximately 433,610 MT of Urea. NTS condu...

Graduate Assessment Test GAT™-GENERAL is for admissions in MS / M.Phil programs. The test result will remain valid for "TWO YEARS" for admissions. Candidates with a minimum of sixteen years of education are eligible to appear in the test. Candidate intending to improve their previous GAT™ score can also apply.  The candidates will have to qualify other specified criteria of the Universities. Mobile phones are not allowed in test center premises. The GAT™ test validity (GAT™ - General / Subject) for TWO YEARS will be effective from 1st January 2007 onwards. Category Test Type Verbal Reasoning Quantitative Reasoning Analytical Reasoning Tota l GAT™-A Paper Distribution GAT™ A Business and Engineering Students 35% 35% 30% 100% GAT™-B Paper Distribution GAT™-B Art, Humanities and Social Sciences Students 50% 30% 20% 100% GAT™-C Paper Distribution GAT™-...

Electrical Engineering Objective Type By M. Handa & A. Handa Index Electrical Current & Ohms Law Source of EMF AC Fundamentals RLC Circuits Network Theory Control System Engineering Materials Electrostatics Magneto Statics Electromagnetics Vacuum Tubes Semi-Conductors Transistors Amplifiers Oscillators Digital Electronics DC Generators DC Motors Transformers Synchronous Generators Synchronous Motors Induction Motors Single Phase Motors Generation of Electrical Power Economics of Power Generation Transmission & Distribution Circuit Breakers Transmission Lines & Cables High Voltage Engineering Rectifiers & Converters Illumination Electric Traction Heating & Welding Electrical Machine Design Industrial Drives Instruments & Measurement Power Electronics Computation Model Papers Click here to download Note:  Use any proxy server if found 8 hours delay or any other error and change your location to US...

INTELLIGENT : capable of sensing system overloads and rerouting power to prevent or minimize a potential outage; of working autonomously when conditions require resolution faster than humans can respond…and cooperatively in aligning the goals of utilities, consumers and regulators EFFICIENT: capable of meeting increased consumer demand without adding infrastructure ACCOMMODATING: accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including solar and wind as easily and transparently as coal and natural gas; capable of integrating any and all better ideas and technologies energy storage technologies, for example – as they are market-proven and ready to come online MOTIVATING: enabling real-time communication between the consumer and utility so consumers can tailor their energy consumption based on individual preferences, like price and/or environmental concerns OPPORTUNISTIC: creating new opportunities and markets by means of its ability to capitalize on plug-a...